Levison and Boligrien present a long overdue and much needed vignette survey methodology aimed at capturing the views and perspectives of girls and boys in the Global South with the intention of giving youth influence and voice in policy making. Their work provides a crucial model for research that demonstrates, using examples from pilot studies in Tanzania, how this methodology can be used to inform policy makers about girls’ views on the very programs and laws affecting adolescent sexuality and pregnancy. Capturing girls’ perspectives in survey data and summarizing them in reports that can be disseminated widely is one way that girls’ views can begin to influence policies and programs that are directed at them.

Background: Children lacking parental protection may tend to miss out on essential services. We investigated whether orphans and children without parental care were at risk of sub-optimal vaccination. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of 189 UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from 82 predominantly low- and middle-income countries, conducted from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2022. We used two-level logistic fixed-effects models with individual community-dwelling children aged 12–59 months nested within MICS sampling cluster to estimate the effects of orphanhood (one or both parents deceased) and lack of parental care (children residing with no biological parents) on missed vaccinations. We report the adjusted odds of being a “zero-dose” child (failure to receive any diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-containing (DTP) vaccine doses), an under-immunised child (failure to receive three DTP doses), failure to receive any measles-containing vaccine (MCV), and failure to receive all eight basic vaccine doses. Findings: The analysis included 739,506 children of which 20.6% (n = 152,314) were zero-dose, 50.4% (n = 372,568) were under-immunised, 50.3% (n = 372,089) had not received any MCV, and 57.8% (n = 427,558) had not received all 8 basic vaccine doses. Orphans had a consistently higher risk of sub-optimal vaccination. Adjusted odds ratios were similar for all binary outcomes (zero-dose (ORadj 1.59; 95% CI: 1.48–1.71, p < 0.001), no DPT3 (ORadj 1.46; 95% CI: 1.38–1.54, p < 0.001), and no MCV and basic incomplete (ORadj 1.42; 95% CI: 1.34–1.50, p < 0.001 for both)). Children lacking parental care experienced similarly elevated risks of sub-optimal vaccination (p < 0.001 for all outcomes). Interpretation: To better support children at risk and uphold their rights, vaccination programmes should prioritise service delivery to orphans and children lacking parental care. Funding: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.

Background: The purpose of this study was to pilot an innovative cartoon video vignette survey methodology to learn about young people’s perspectives on abortion and sexual relationships in Tanzania. The Animating Children’s Views methodology used videos shown on tablets to engage young people in conversations. Such conversations are complicated because abortion is highly stigmatized, inaccessible, and illegal in Tanzania. Methods: The cartoon video vignette methodology was conducted as a part of a quantitative survey using tablet computers. Hypothetical situations and euphemistic expressions were tested in order to engage adolescents on sensitive topics in low-risk ways. Qualitative interviews and focus groups validated and further explored the perspectives of the young respondents. Results: Results indicate that 12–17 year-olds usually understand euphemistic expressions for abortion and are aware of social stigma and contradictory norms surrounding abortion from as young as age twelve. Despite the risks involved with abortion, this study finds adolescents sometimes view abortion as a reasonable solution to allow a girl to remain in school. Additional findings show that as adolescents wrestle with how to respond to a schoolgirl’s pregnancy, they are considering both the (un)affordability of healthcare services and also expectations for gender roles. Conclusions: Digital data collection, such as the Animating Children’s Views cartoon video vignettes used in this study, allows researchers to better understand girls’ and boys’ own perspectives on their experiences and reproductive health.

We construct comparable indicators that measure the prevalence of recent intimate partner violence (IPV) using publicly available, integrated microdata within the IPUMS data collections across many countries. The objective of this work is to increase opportunities for comparative research by leveraging vast quantities of harmonized data. We use consistent and comparable variables that measure domestic violence in international health surveys. The most consistent indicators of domestic violence measure physical, psychological, and sexual IPV in the last 12 months. We imposed a consistent reference period and restricted to a comparable subpopulation where these differed across surveys. Aggregating IPV variables across surveys, without careful attention to question wording and subpopulations, may produce inconsistent measures leading to bias, over- or under-estimation of IPV prevalence, or spurious trends and associations. Using comparable indicators in microdata and studying the level, distribution, and covariates of IPV in multiple settings over time, we can better understand these phenomena and identify effective policy interventions.

The assertion that children and adolescents will express their own views, in their own voice, when they are asked to do so, undergirds a significant amount of research and policy, as evidenced in Article 12 of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. This assumption can lead to a homogenous rendering of children's perspectives through the use of problematic concepts like "children's voice," which masks the variety and contradictions in their views. Differences in power between adult researchers and children are one of the forces that limit child respondents' ability to openly express opinions or even factual knowledge. In this chapter, Bolgrien, Levison, and Vavrus discuss methodological approaches that strive to reduce generational power differences in research and thus allow for young people to express a wider range of perspectives. The authors also present practical strategies based on their research in Tanzania that can be used by researchers interested in learning about childhood from children themselves.